CVE-2021-28481
published 2021-04-13CVE-2021-28481: Microsoft Exchange Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
PriorityP188critical9.8CVSS 3.1
AVNACLPRNUINSUCHIHAH
ITWEXPLOITVulnCheck KEV
Exploited in the wild
EPSS
36.49%
98.3th percentile
Microsoft Exchange Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Affected
13 ranges
| Vendor | Product | Version range | Fixed in |
|---|---|---|---|
| microsoft | exchange_server | — | — |
| microsoft | exchange_server | — | — |
| microsoft | exchange_server | — | — |
| microsoft | microsoft_exchange_server_2013_cumulative_update_23 | >= 15.00.0 < 15.00.1497.015 | 15.00.1497.015 |
| microsoft | microsoft_exchange_server_2016_cumulative_update_19 | >= 15.01.0 < 15.01.2176.012 | 15.01.2176.012 |
| microsoft | microsoft_exchange_server_2016_cumulative_update_20 | >= 15.01.0 < 15.01.2242.008 | 15.01.2242.008 |
| microsoft | microsoft_exchange_server_2019_cumulative_update_8 | >= 15.02.0 < 15.02.0792.013 | 15.02.0792.013 |
| microsoft | microsoft_exchange_server_2019_cumulative_update_9 | >= 15.02.0 < 15.02.0858.010 | 15.02.0858.010 |
| msrc | microsoft_exchange_server_2013_cumulative_update_23 | — | — |
| msrc | microsoft_exchange_server_2016_cumulative_update_19 | — | — |
| msrc | microsoft_exchange_server_2016_cumulative_update_20 | — | — |
| msrc | microsoft_exchange_server_2019_cumulative_update_8 | — | — |
| msrc | microsoft_exchange_server_2019_cumulative_update_9 | — | — |
Detection & IOCsextracted from sources · hover to see the quote
path/owa/
path/ews/wssecurity
path/owa/auth/logon.aspx
cookieX-BackEndCookie={{email}}={{base64(hex_decode(rawXor))}}
otherX-AnchorMailbox header
otherhttp.favicon.hash:1768726119
path/owa/auth/errorFE.aspx
snort↗
SID 57403
snort↗
SID 57404
snort↗
SID 57411
snort↗
SID 57414
- →Exploit probe begins with a GET to /owa/ to extract the X-FEServer response header, which leaks the internal server name used to craft the forged back-end cookie.
- →The attack uses a forged X-BackEndCookie whose value is a Base64-encoded XOR-obfuscated string (each byte XOR'd with 0xFF) encoding the target server name, port 444, OWA path, and a timestamp.
- →A successful SSRF/ACL-bypass response is a 302 redirect containing both X-Calculatedbetarget and X-Owa-Error response headers.
- →The exploit POST targets the /ews/wssecurity endpoint with Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded and the crafted X-BackEndCookie and X-AnchorMailbox headers.
- →Shodan/FOFA fingerprinting for exposed Exchange servers: favicon hash 1768726119 or page title 'outlook' can identify targets.
- →CVE-2021-28481 is grouped with CVE-2021-28480, CVE-2021-28482, and CVE-2021-28483; all four are covered by Talos Snort SIDs 57403, 57404, 57411, and 57414. ↗
- ·The nuclei template XOR-encodes the cookie value using a per-request epoch timestamp and date, meaning the forged X-BackEndCookie will differ on every exploitation attempt — static byte-matching on the cookie value alone is insufficient for detection.
- ·Microsoft's advisory notes exploit status as 'Publicly Disclosed: No; Exploited: No' at time of publication, but rates exploitation likelihood as 'More Likely' for both latest and older software releases. ↗
- ·The Snort SIDs (57403, 57404, 57411, 57414) cover all four April 2021 Exchange RCE CVEs collectively, not exclusively CVE-2021-28481. ↗
CVSS provenance
nvdv3.19.8CRITICALCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
nvdv2.010.0CRITICALAV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C
vulncheck9.8CRITICAL
vendor_msrc9.8CRITICAL
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Every Monday: what got weaponized or added to CISA KEV in the last seven days — each CVE cross-linked to its PoC, Nuclei template, and detection rule. Free, one email a week, unsubscribe in one click.
GHSA
GHSA-hj49-fxwm-2v87: Microsoft Exchange Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2021-28480, CVE-2021-28482, CVE-2021-28483
ghsa_unreviewed·2022-05-24·CVSS 9.8
CVE-2021-28481 [CRITICAL] GHSA-hj49-fxwm-2v87: Microsoft Exchange Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2021-28480, CVE-2021-28482, CVE-2021-28483
Microsoft Exchange Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2021-28480, CVE-2021-28482, CVE-2021-28483.
GHSA
GHSA-r36c-4fw5-xj49: Microsoft Exchange Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2021-28480, CVE-2021-28481, CVE-2021-28482
ghsa_unreviewed·2022-05-24·CVSS 9.8
CVE-2021-28483 [CRITICAL] GHSA-r36c-4fw5-xj49: Microsoft Exchange Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2021-28480, CVE-2021-28481, CVE-2021-28482
Microsoft Exchange Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2021-28480, CVE-2021-28481, CVE-2021-28482.
GHSA
GHSA-5w74-wv2v-34cm: Microsoft Exchange Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2021-28480, CVE-2021-28481, CVE-2021-28483
ghsa_unreviewed·2022-05-24·CVSS 9.8
CVE-2021-28482 [CRITICAL] GHSA-5w74-wv2v-34cm: Microsoft Exchange Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2021-28480, CVE-2021-28481, CVE-2021-28483
Microsoft Exchange Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2021-28480, CVE-2021-28481, CVE-2021-28483.
GHSA
GHSA-g7vr-3jq4-gwf3: Microsoft Exchange Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2021-28481, CVE-2021-28482, CVE-2021-28483
ghsa_unreviewed·2022-05-24·CVSS 9.8
CVE-2021-28480 [CRITICAL] GHSA-g7vr-3jq4-gwf3: Microsoft Exchange Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2021-28481, CVE-2021-28482, CVE-2021-28483
Microsoft Exchange Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2021-28481, CVE-2021-28482, CVE-2021-28483.
VulnCheck
Microsoft Exchange Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
vulncheck·2021·CVSS 9.8
CVE-2021-28481 [CRITICAL] Microsoft Exchange Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Microsoft Exchange Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Microsoft Exchange Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Affected: Microsoft Exchange Server
Required Action: Apply remediations or mitigations per vendor instructions or discontinue use of the product if remediation or mitigations are unavailable.
Exploitation References: https://www.f5.com/labs/articles/threat-intelligence/sensor-intel-series-top-cves-june-2024; https://www.f5.com/labs/articles/threat-intelligence/sensor-intel-series-top-cves-august-2024; https://www.f5.com/labs/articles/threat-intelligence/botpoke-scanner-switches-ip; https://www.f5.com/labs/articles/threat-intelligence/scanning-for-credentials-and-botpoke-changes-ips-again; https://www.f5.com/labs/articles/threat-intelligence/continued-scanning-for-
Microsoft
Microsoft Exchange Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
vendor_msrc·2021-04-13·CVSS 9.8
CVE-2021-28481 [CRITICAL] Microsoft Exchange Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Microsoft Exchange Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
FAQ: Where can I find more information about protecting myself from this vulnerability?
Please see the MSRC Blog Post April 2021 Update Tuesday packages now available for more information.
Microsoft Exchange Server: Microsoft Exchange Server
Microsoft: Microsoft
Impact: Remote Code Execution
Exploit Status: Publicly Disclosed:No;Exploited:No;Latest Software Release:Exploitation More Likely;Older Software Release:Exploitation More Likely;DOS:N/A
Reference: http://www.microsoft.com/download/details.aspx?familyid=5aa2aaf7-860d-4977-acd4-82096c83c5f0
Reference: https://support.microsoft.com/help/5001779
Reference: http://www.microsoft.com/download/details.aspx?familyid=b13f23a9-5603-4b13-8e16-6d35b5b33524
Reference: http://
No detection rules found.
Nuclei
Microsoft Exchange - Pre-Auth SSRF / ACL Bypass (ProxyNotFound)
nuclei·CVSS 9.8
CVE-2021-28481 [CRITICAL] Microsoft Exchange - Pre-Auth SSRF / ACL Bypass (ProxyNotFound)
Microsoft Exchange - Pre-Auth SSRF / ACL Bypass (ProxyNotFound)
Microsoft Exchange Server contains a remote code execution caused by improper input validation in the server component, letting remote attackers execute arbitrary code, exploit requires network access to the server.
Template:
id: CVE-2021-28481
info:
name: Microsoft Exchange - Pre-Auth SSRF / ACL Bypass (ProxyNotFound)
author: daffainfo
severity: critical
description: |
Microsoft Exchange Server contains a remote code execution caused by improper input validation in the server component, letting remote attackers execute arbitrary code, exploit requires network access to the server.
impact: |
Attackers can execute arbitrary code remotely, potentially leading to full system compromise or data breach
remediation: |
Apply the
Talos
Threat Source Newsletter (April 15, 2021)
blogs_talos·2021-04-15
Threat Source Newsletter (April 15, 2021)
Newsletter compiled by Jon Munshaw.
Good afternoon, Talos readers.
If you missed our webinar last week, we've got you covered. We've uploaded an extended version to our YouTube page that includes the scripts used in the presentation. This video will show you how to reverse-engineer and detect Android malware.
We also had Patch Tuesday this week, which featured some more vulnerabilities in Microsoft Exchange Server. Here is a full breakdown of the issues you should know about and Snort rules to keep users protected from exploitation. Cisco Talos researchers specifically discovered multiple vulnerabilities in Azure Sphere that were patched this month. For more on those specifically, check out the full Vulnerability Spotlight.
## Upcoming public engagements with Talos
Title: Snort 3 and
Talos
Threat Source Newsletter (April 15, 2021)
blogs_talos·2021-04-15
Threat Source Newsletter (April 15, 2021)
## Threat Source Newsletter (April 15, 2021)
Newsletter compiled by Jon Munshaw.
Good afternoon, Talos readers.
If you missed our webinar last week, we've got you covered. We've uploaded an extended version to our YouTube page that includes the scripts used in the presentation. This video will show you how to reverse-engineer and detect Android malware .
We also had Patch Tuesday this week , which featured some more vulnerabilities in Microsoft Exchange Server. Here is a full breakdown of the issues you should know about and Snort rules to keep users protected from exploitation. Cisco Talos researchers specifically discovered multiple vulnerabilities in Azure Sphere that were patched this month. For more on those specifically, check out the full Vulnerability Spotlight .
## Upcoming p
Qualys
April 2021 Patch Tuesday – 108 Vulnerabilities, 19 Critical, Adobe
blogs_qualys·2021-04-14·CVSS 7.8
CVE-2021-28310 [HIGH] April 2021 Patch Tuesday – 108 Vulnerabilities, 19 Critical, Adobe
This month’s Microsoft Patch Tuesday addresses 108 vulnerabilities, of which 19 are rated critical severity and 88 are rated high severity. Adobe released patches for its Photoshop, Digital Editions, and Bridge products.
## CVE-2021-28310: Win32k Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
Microsoft released patches addressing another 0-day vulnerability (CVE-2021-28310). CVE-2021-28310 is an out-of-bounds (OOB) write vulnerability in dwmcore.dll, which is part of Desktop Window Manager (dwm.exe). There is a public exploit available which is being used in the wild. BITTER APT group is suspected of exploiting this CVE in the wild. This CVE has a temporal score of 7.2 from the vendor and should be prioritized for patching.
## Microsoft Exchange Server Remote Code Execution (RCE) Vulnerabilities
Qualys
April 2021 Patch Tuesday – 108 Vulnerabilities, 19 Critical, Adobe | Qualys
blogs_qualys·2021-04-14·CVSS 7.8
CVE-2021-28310 [HIGH] April 2021 Patch Tuesday – 108 Vulnerabilities, 19 Critical, Adobe | Qualys
This month’s Microsoft Patch Tuesday addresses 108 vulnerabilities, of which 19 are rated critical severity and 88 are rated high severity. Adobe released patches for its Photoshop, Digital Editions, and Bridge products.
#### CVE-2021-28310: Win32k Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
Microsoft released patches addressing another 0-day vulnerability (CVE-2021-28310). CVE-2021-28310 is an out-of-bounds (OOB) write vulnerability in dwmcore.dll, which is part of Desktop Window Manager (dwm.exe). There is a public exploit available which is being used in the wild. BITTER APT group is suspected of exploiting this CVE in the wild. This CVE has a temporal score of 7.2 from the vendor and should be prioritized for patching.
#### Microsoft Exchange Server Remote Code Execution (RCE) Vulnerabilit
Talos
Microsoft Patch Tuesday for April 2021 — Snort rules and prominent vulnerabilities
blogs_talos·2021-04-13·CVSS 7.8
[HIGH] Microsoft Patch Tuesday for April 2021 — Snort rules and prominent vulnerabilities
## Microsoft Patch Tuesday for April 2021 — Snort rules and prominent vulnerabilities
By Jon Munshaw, with contributions from Vanja Svajcer.
Microsoft released its monthly security update Tuesday, disclosing 108 vulnerabilities across its suite of products, the most in any month so far this year.
Four new remote code execution vulnerabilities in Microsoft Exchange Server are included in today's security update. Microsoft disclosed multiple zero-day vulnerabilities in Exchange Server earlier this year that attackers were exploiting in the wild. Talos encourages everyone with an affected product to update as soon as possible if they have not already and put other mitigation strategies into place in the meantime. Users can also detect the exploitation of the previously disclosed vulnerabil
Trendmicro
April Patch Tuesday Sets Record High for 2021
blogs_trendmicro·2021-04-13·CVSS 7.8
[HIGH] April Patch Tuesday Sets Record High for 2021
## April Patch Tuesday Sets Record High for 2021
April’s Patch Tuesday fixes 114 vulnerabilities in various Microsoft products, a slight increase from March’s 89. This is the most vulnerabilities fixed in a month for 2021 to date, as well as a slight increase from the same month last year.
By: Trend Micro Apr 13, 2021 Read time: ( words)
Save to Folio
April’s Patch Tuesday fixes 114 vulnerabilities in various Microsoft products, a slight increase from March’s 89. This is the most vulnerabilities fixed in a month for 2021 to date, as well as a slight increase from the same month last year.
Of these vulnerabilities, a total of 19 were classified as Critical by Microsoft. Four of these vulnerabilities were already publicly known, with a separate vulnerability already being exploited in t
Trendmicro
April Patch Tuesday Sets Record High for 2021
blogs_trendmicro·2021-04-13·CVSS 7.8
[HIGH] April Patch Tuesday Sets Record High for 2021
# April Patch Tuesday Sets Record High for 2021
April’s Patch Tuesday fixes 114 vulnerabilities in various Microsoft products, a slight increase from March’s 89. This is the most vulnerabilities fixed in a month for 2021 to date, as well as a slight increase from the same month last year.
By: Trend Micro
2021/04/13
Read time: ( words)
Save to Folio
April’s Patch Tuesday fixes 114 vulnerabilities in various Microsoft products, a slight increase from March’s 89. This is the most vulnerabilities fixed in a month for 2021 to date, as well as a slight increase from the same month last year.
Of these vulnerabilities, a total of 19 were classified as Critical by Microsoft. Four of these vulnerabilities were already publicly known, with a separate vulnerability already being exploited in the
Trendmicro
April Patch Tuesday Sets Record High for 2021
blogs_trendmicro·2021-04-13·CVSS 7.8
[HIGH] April Patch Tuesday Sets Record High for 2021
## April Patch Tuesday Sets Record High for 2021
April’s Patch Tuesday fixes 114 vulnerabilities in various Microsoft products, a slight increase from March’s 89. This is the most vulnerabilities fixed in a month for 2021 to date, as well as a slight increase from the same month last year.
By: Trend Micro 2021/04/13 Read time: ( words)
Save to Folio
April’s Patch Tuesday fixes 114 vulnerabilities in various Microsoft products, a slight increase from March’s 89. This is the most vulnerabilities fixed in a month for 2021 to date, as well as a slight increase from the same month last year.
Of these vulnerabilities, a total of 19 were classified as Critical by Microsoft. Four of these vulnerabilities were already publicly known, with a separate vulnerability already being exploited in the
Krebs
Microsoft Patch Tuesday, April 2021 Edition
blogs_krebs·2021-04-13·CVSS 7.8
[HIGH] Microsoft Patch Tuesday, April 2021 Edition
Microsoft today released updates to plug at least 110 security holes in its Windows operating systems and other products. The patches include four security fixes for Microsoft Exchange Server — the same systems that have been besieged by attacks on four separate (and zero-day) bugs in the email software over the past month. Redmond also patched a Windows flaw that is actively being exploited in the wild.
Nineteen of the vulnerabilities fixed this month earned Microsoft’s most-dire “Critical” label, meaning they could be used by malware or malcontents to seize remote control over vulnerable Windows systems without any help from users.
Microsoft released updates to fix four more flaws in Exchange Server versions 2013-2019 ( CVE-2021-28480 , CVE-2021-28481 , CVE-2021-28482 , CVE-2021-28483
Talos
Microsoft Patch Tuesday for April 2021 — Snort rules and prominent vulnerabilities
blogs_talos·2021-04-13·CVSS 7.8
[HIGH] Microsoft Patch Tuesday for April 2021 — Snort rules and prominent vulnerabilities
By Jon Munshaw, with contributions from Vanja Svajcer.
Microsoft released its monthly security update Tuesday, disclosing 108 vulnerabilities across its suite of products, the most in any month so far this year.
Four new remote code execution vulnerabilities in Microsoft Exchange Server are included in today's security update. Microsoft disclosed multiple zero-day vulnerabilities in Exchange Server earlier this year that attackers were exploiting in the wild. Talos encourages everyone with an affected product to update as soon as possible if they have not already and put other mitigation strategies into place in the meantime. Users can also detect the exploitation of the previously disclosed vulnerabilities with Cisco Secure IPS.
The new vulnerabilities Microsoft disclosed today are ide
Tenable
Microsoft’s April 2021 Patch Tuesday Addresses 108 CVEs (CVE-2021-28310)
blogs_tenable·2021-04-13·CVSS 7.8
[HIGH] Microsoft’s April 2021 Patch Tuesday Addresses 108 CVEs (CVE-2021-28310)
## Cloud Exposure
Tenable Cloud Security (CNAPP) Request a demo
Tenable Cloud Vulnerability Management Request a demo
Tenable CIEM Request a demo
Secure your cloud
## Vulnerability Exposure
Tenable Vulnerability Management Try for free
Tenable Security Center Request a demo
Tenable Web App Scanning Try for free
Tenable Patch Management Request a demo
Tenable Enclave Security Request a demo
Tenable Attack Surface Management Request a demo
Tenable Nessus Try for free
## AI Exposure
Tenable AI Exposure Request a demo
## OT/IoT Exposure
Tenable OT Security Request a demo
## Identity Exposure
Tenable Identity Exposure Request a demo
## Business needs
Active Directory
AI Security Posture Management (AI-SPM)
AWS security
Azure security
Cloud Security Posture Man
Krebs
Microsoft Patch Tuesday, April 2021 Edition
blogs_krebs·2021-04-13·CVSS 7.8
[HIGH] Microsoft Patch Tuesday, April 2021 Edition
Microsoft today released updates to plug at least 110 security holes in its Windows operating systems and other products. The patches include four security fixes for Microsoft Exchange Server — the same systems that have been besieged by attacks on four separate (and zero-day) bugs in the email software over the past month. Redmond also patched a Windows flaw that is actively being exploited in the wild.
Nineteen of the vulnerabilities fixed this month earned Microsoft’s most-dire “Critical” label, meaning they could be used by malware or malcontents to seize remote control over vulnerable Windows systems without any help from users.
Microsoft released updates to fix four more flaws in Exchange Server versions 2013-2019 (CVE-2021-28480, CVE-2021-28481, CVE-2021-28482, CVE-2021-28483). In
Tenable
CVE-2021-28480, CVE-2021-28481, CVE-2021-28482, CVE-2021-28483: Four Critical Microsoft Exchange Server Vulnerabilities Patched in April Patch Tuesday
blogs_tenable·2021-04-13·CVSS 9.8
[CRITICAL] CVE-2021-28480, CVE-2021-28481, CVE-2021-28482, CVE-2021-28483: Four Critical Microsoft Exchange Server Vulnerabilities Patched in April Patch Tuesday
## Cloud Exposure
Tenable Cloud Security (CNAPP) Request a demo
Tenable Cloud Vulnerability Management Request a demo
Tenable CIEM Request a demo
Secure your cloud
## Vulnerability Exposure
Tenable Vulnerability Management Try for free
Tenable Security Center Request a demo
Tenable Web App Scanning Try for free
Tenable Patch Management Request a demo
Tenable Enclave Security Request a demo
Tenable Attack Surface Management Request a demo
Tenable Nessus Try for free
## AI Exposure
Tenable AI Exposure Request a demo
## OT/IoT Exposure
Tenable OT Security Request a demo
## Identity Exposure
Tenable Identity Exposure Request a demo
## Business needs
Active Directory
AI Security Posture Management (AI-SPM)
AWS security
Azure security
Cloud Security Posture Man
Crowdstrike
2021 April Patch Tuesday: Updates and Analysis
blogs_crowdstrike·CVSS 7.5
CVE-2026-20929 [HIGH] 2021 April Patch Tuesday: Updates and Analysis
STARDUST CHOLLIMA Likely Compromises Axios npm Package Apr 01, 2026
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STARDUST CHOLLIMA Likely Compromises Axios npm Package Apr 01, 2026
Falcon for IT Supports Windows Secure Boot Certificate Lifecycle Management Apr 01, 2026
Detecting CVE-2026-20929: Kerberos Authentication Relay via CNAME Abuse Mar 31, 2026
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Video Highlights the 4 Key Steps to Successful Incident Response Dec 02, 2019
Helping Non-Security Stakeholders Understand ATT&CK in 10 Minutes or Less [VI
Crowdstrike
2021 April Patch Tuesday: Updates and Analysis
blogs_crowdstrike·CVSS 7.5
CVE-2026-20929 [HIGH] 2021 April Patch Tuesday: Updates and Analysis
How CrowdStrike is Accelerating Exposure Evaluation as Adversaries Gain Speed Apr 06, 2026
STARDUST CHOLLIMA Likely Compromises Axios npm Package Apr 01, 2026
Falcon for IT Supports Windows Secure Boot Certificate Lifecycle Management Apr 01, 2026
Detecting CVE-2026-20929: Kerberos Authentication Relay via CNAME Abuse Mar 31, 2026
How CrowdStrike is Accelerating Exposure Evaluation as Adversaries Gain Speed Apr 06, 2026
STARDUST CHOLLIMA Likely Compromises Axios npm Package Apr 01, 2026
Falcon for IT Supports Windows Secure Boot Certificate Lifecycle Management Apr 01, 2026
Detecting CVE-2026-20929: Kerberos Authentication Relay via CNAME Abuse Mar 31, 2026
Video Highlights the 4 Key Steps to Successful Incident Response Dec 02, 2019
Helping Non-Security Stakeholders Understand AT
2021-04-13
Published
Exploited in the wild